Social Classes And How They Developed Over Time Essay

In this course, we have learned about different social classes and how they developed over time. In fact, the idea of social classes has been around before what we know it as to today. The concept has not changed. The â€Å"higher† classes usually have land, money, and jewels. The â€Å"lower† classes are broke, servants, and no valuable possessions. Prior to this course, I only knew of the upper class, middle class, and lower class. In today’s society, the separation between classes is not as bad as it use to be. School is an example of this. I grew up in Cobb County, Smyrna- Vinings area and I went to school with people who parents are CEOs of companies, successful entrepreneurs or even music artist. I would consider my family middle class but we did have students who were also lower class families. Some higher-class families enroll their children in private school. Private schools charges tuition whereas public schools are free of cost. The upbringing up child ren can determine their social status in schools. In this essay, I will discuss â€Å"cliques† and their differences in high schools. â€Å"Cliques† are a small group of people, in this case teens, which share the same interests or things in common. Social class is one of the biggest factor on which â€Å"clique† a teen will be recruited into. In both public and private schools, cliques are divided into girls and boys. For example, the popular girls hang out with the popular boys but their â€Å"clique† is different because of their gender. HowShow MoreRelatedA Marxist Approach On Social Classes1192 Words   |  5 Pages stratification is brought forth by Domhoff and it supports the idea that social classes themselves have hierarchical layers determined status, power, and prestige. The critiques would most likely support the idea of pluralism and that each group is represented in political institutions, but that’s just not the case in practical manners. A Marxist approach would argue that power is never not socially organized. The reason why power matters is that power by Marxist definition, is the ability toRead MoreKarl Marx s Theory Of Crime And Deviance1696 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst to develop and explain a conflict perspective on how society functions, he was a liberal reformist who had more radical views about the origins of crime and deviance. He became popular in the US and UK during the 1970’s. Like many radical criminologists, he developed the perspective of the conflict theory that explained how some social interactions result in to conflict and how individuals engage in conflict daily to gain more social wealth and resources. As some groups have greater powerRead MoreClassism in North America1216 Words   |  5 Pagesword  Classism  was derived from  Class  and  -ism; the word  Class  descended from a French word, Classe, and a Latin word Classis. The word was originally created by Servius Tulli us in one of the six orders into which he used to divide the Roman people for the purpose of taxation. Those words together make the word Classism which means a biased or discriminatory attitude based on distinctions made between social or economic classes (classism.  Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 20 Jan. 2012. DictionaryRead MoreThe Human Race937 Words   |  4 Pageshuman beings have been trying to find a sense of unity (disalienation) amongst their counterparts, but power struggles and social stratification have made this a never ending attempt. Karl Marx and Alexis Tocqueville have given the reader an insight into ‘alienation’ through the course of their historic analyses. Emancipation, though described as the â€Å"act of liberation from social, political and legal systems† (Merriam-Webster) has become subjective in nature, as society is controlled by power strugglesRead MoreThe Colonies by 1763 Essay605 Words   |  3 Pages Between the settlement of Jamestown in 1607 and the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the most important change that occurred in the colonies was the emergence of society quite different from that in England. Changes in religion, economics, politics and social structure illustrate this Americanization of the transplanted Europeans. By 1763, although some colonies still maintained established churches, other colonies had accomplished a virtual revolution for religious toleration and separation of churchRead MoreMarx And Engels s Marxism On Class And Class Struggle1362 Words   |  6 Pagesaround us, and the society we live in. It looks for concrete, scientific, logical explanations of the world. The Marxist theory developed when Karl Marx and his friend Frederich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto in 1848, focuses on class in societies, Marxism attempts to change the world while other philosophies look to merely understand it. Marx wanted to better understand how so many people could be in poverty in a world where there is so much wealth. His answer was simple: capitalism. The CommunistRead MoreMy Experience At Texas A M University Corpus Christi843 Words   |  4 Pagesthat has guided me through my everyday life at school. The habit of mind that I have developed over the course of my fall semester was openness. I was able consider new ways of being and thinking about the world around me. I made many friends this semester, doing so I was able to become more open toward people and situations I can across during my fall semester. I will be evaluating how I became more open to people, how I was able to create close relationships with my new friends, and began to enjoyRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of The French Revolution880 Words   |  4 PagesBonaparte took over the government in France and created a monarchy, regressing society rather than progressing. There was also lack of leadership among the classes which prevented the revolutionaries from organizing successful movements and effective strategies. The revolutionaries did not have an army as skilled and disciplined as the government which also put them at a disadvantage. The revolution started in urban areas so citizens living in rural areas were unaware about the reasons for revoltingRead MoreThe Gramscian Concept Of Hegemony1035 Words   |  5 Pageshistory of â€Å"distortion, cooptation, and†¦ betrayal of the Marxist project of radical social change that hegemony theory originally espoused† (Woodfin, 2006: p. 133). It was coined by Gramsci during his imprisonment during the fascist Italian government in the 1930s and it describes the process of moral, philosophical, and political leadership that a social group obtains with the active consent of subordinate social groups rather than direct coercion. Hegemony does not occur naturally, it should beRead MoreThe Marxist Theory Of Marxist Criticism757 Words   |  4 Pagesdivided by socioeconomic classes. They believe that the progression of history so far has been pushed forward by these class struggles . From these struggles they say that capitalism was born, but eventually the struggles will reach a breaking point where the lower and middle classes turn on the wealthy, leading to the implementation of socialism. Looks at any struggles between different classes in the text. Interprets the relationship between classes. The text is viewed as a social institution, and then

Training Development Training And Development - 2673 Words

Running head: TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT Training and Development in Designing Human Resource Programs Webster University April 5 2015 Dr. Marty Davis Capstone 6000 Leadership and Management Thesis Training and Development enhances the organizations structure and has different approaches to learning and development skill which is an important, strategies that reflects the approach of strong employee and potential candidates’ growth within an organization. Everyone is different and learns in a different manner. Organizations want to invest in top candidates who retain information in order to offer advancement opportunities. Abstract Human Resources professionals are responsible for ensuring that an organizations training and development efforts are maximized to meet organizational needs and goals. The first step in this process is to perform a needs analysis. The needs analysis is broken down into two levels; Organizational and individual then, the delivery method is chosen. Discuss the benefits of training and development along with the commitment and training incentives to explain the Andragogy style that most have adapted to learn. Introduction This paper will discuss the difference between learning and development and the importance of needs assessments for organization, on-the-job training and technology resources in learning environments. In order for an organization to be successful and have successful they should adapt to learning and how it isShow MoreRelatedEffects of Staff Training and Development3086 Words   |  13 PagesRESEARCH PROPOSAL TOPIC: EFFECTS OF STAFF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT OF SECRETARIAL STAFF IN AN ORGANIZATION A Study to be carried out in the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology department of National Council for Science and Technology (NCST) and department of department of Research Management Directorate (DRMD) 0. INTRODUCTION 1. Problem Statement Training is a learning process that involves the acquisition of knowledge, sharpening of skillsRead MoreThe Development And Diversity Training Program2356 Words   |  10 Pageshave updated their training, education process and has made it accessible for all types of staff that will allow employee’s better advancements, work-life balance, and a flexible training process. This will help to position technology-based organization a training application and will continue a learning advancement. An organization has become a global with their businesses, they start to become more complex with cultural diversity and training. Having a cultural diversity training program that willRead MoreTraining, Training And Development1521 Words   |  7 Pageslearning, training and development are crucial for large organizations which believe that after the training, their employees would well develop and apply the new skills which they have learnt to benefit their organizations. However, many studies have shown that only ten percent of trainees apply what they have learnt from training to a job (Fitzatrick, 2001). However, learning, training and development will be considered to be one thing in this paper because while employees are training, they areRead MoreTraining And Development : Training Essay1922 Words   |  8 PagesEXECUTIVE SUMMARY TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT: - Training and Development is defined as, â€Å"The systematic collection of expressive and critical information to make fruitful and efficient training and development decisions related to the selection, adoption value and modification of various instructional activities.† Training and development programs are the key factors in building excellent employees to support Lows Corporation in customer in customer satisfaction. Training is any attempt toRead MoreTraining And Development : Training Essay2666 Words   |  11 PagesINTRODUCTION ON TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT TRAINING and DEVELOPMENT incorporates three fundamental exercises: preparing, instruction, and development. Preparing: This action is both centered upon, and assessed against, the occupation that an individual right now holds. Instruction: This movement centers upon the occupations that an individual may possibly hold later on, and is assessed against those jobs. Advancement: This movement centers upon the exercises that the association utilizing the individualRead MoreTraining and Development784 Words   |  4 PagesTRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT â€Å"Training and development refers to the imparting of specific skills,abilities and knowledge to an employee.† Training and development is any attempt to improve current or future employee performance by increasing an employee’s ability to perform through learning,usually by changing the employee’s attitude or increasing his or her skills and knowledge. WHAT IS TRAINING ? Training is concerned with imparting developing specific skills for a particular purpose.Traning isRead MoreTraining and Development1208 Words   |  5 PagesDevelopment and Training Paper Training and development programs are introduced to organizations to improve the knowledge, skills, and abilities of employees. In addition, development and training programs are essential for an organization to successfully train and educate their employees. The quality and variety of the training companies provide is key for motivation. Reasons for training range from new-hire training about your operation to introducing a new concept to a workgroup. QualityRead MoreTraining and Development2588 Words   |  11 Pagesam going to look at importance of training and development in organizations. Firstly, different company attitudes to training and development and cost and benefits associated with it are going to be discussed. Secondly, the stages in training and development process are going to be identified with a specific focus on different training and development methods and consideration of its advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the literature on training and development use as a motivation and retentionRead Moretraining and development2086 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ Training and Development Importance of Training: 1. Optimum Utilization of Human Resources 2. Development of Human Resources 3. Development of skills of employees 4. Productivity 5. Team spirit 6. Organization Culture 7. Organization Climate 8. 9. Quality 10. Healthy work environment 11. Health and Safety 12. Morale 13. Image 14. Profitability Training and Development aids in organizational development i.e. Organization gets more effective decisionRead MoreTraining Development1204 Words   |  5 PagesMethod of development The method of development is divided in to 3 target areas: 1. Individual 2. Group 3. Organizational Individual methods/techniques: To develop individual’s skill to set and accomplish goals, goal setting technique is used. Behavioral amendment is the use of person erudition in the course of strengthening. All methods can be used to develop a person’s skill to accomplish his or company’s desired goals. Goal setting: Goal is a set of deed which a person attempts to achieve

Comfort Zone Free Essays

Comfort Zone Brian Tracy, one of the top success speakers and authors in the world, has once said, â€Å"Move out of your comfort zone. You can only grow if you are willing to feel awkward and uncomfortable when you try something new. † His point is that, when one steps out of her comfort zone it will be strange, difficult, or painful. We will write a custom essay sample on Comfort Zone or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, one will only grow or learn from the experience if they accept the embarrassment, difficulties, and the awkwardness that come with trying something new. I agree with Brian Tracy because of my experience becoming a soccer player. It started in middle school when I decided to join my school’s soccer team. I would watch soccer matches with my family and I was comfortable with the idea of watching it, never playing it. Until eighth grade, when I decided to step out of my â€Å"comfort zone. † Growing up, I wasn’t the healthiest child and I knew that I needed to change my habits. Therefore, in middle school, I decided to join my school’s soccer team. I knew a majority of the rules and how to play different positions despite not knowing how to dribble a soccer ball. When I attended the soccer meeting, that’s when it hit me that there’s a huge difference between watching soccer on TV and actually playing. The other players on the team had played soccer since the age of four, and there I was, without soccer experience. After signing up for the team, I felt foolish, scared, and distraught because I didn’t want the other players to judge me. I didn’t want them to make fun of me because I couldn’t dribble or kick a soccer ball, but my inner voice was still telling me, â€Å" Don’t quit! Let the judging motivate you! Who cares if I can’t kick a ball, I will learn! My comfort zone was watching soccer whereas, trying to play soccer was me, stepping out of my comfort zone. During warm-ups in the first practice, I felt as if I was going to die! My legs felt horrible, and there were 2 hours left of practice. I wanted to quit, I was uncomfortable and embarrassed because I fell during an easy drill, was the s lowest runner, and tired in the first 20 minutes. In the back of my mind I knew that I shouldn’t quit, I did soccer for me, to benefit my health and feed my anxiety and curiosity about the sport. On the other hand, if I were to quit, I knew I would be unhappy and disappointed with myself. Therefore, I stayed with soccer and I’m happy with my decision because I’ve made the greatest friendships and came out of my comfort zone. My middle school soccer experience has changed me in the greatest way, it helped me realize that I will face problems where at times I won’t feel comfortable and that I shouldn’t quit, no matter how difficult, strange, or painful. After playing soccer in the eighth grade, I decided to continue to play in high school; I wanted to continue my new healthy habits and my friendships that I made in middle school. From freshman year to senior year, I have played soccer for my high school team, junior varsity for my freshman year and varsity for my sophomore, junior, and senior year, and during all my embarrassing falls, crazy drills, and â€Å"psycho† coaches, I realized I love playing. Such a shift in my own paradigm was one of the hardest things for me to do however, I learned what it means to play with heart and passion, a team is a family, and new healthy habits. I grew because I was willing to feel awkward and embarrassed and as Kristen Wiig has once said, â€Å"When you go out of your comfort zone and it works there’s nothing more satisfying. † How to cite Comfort Zone, Papers

Medici Patronage Essay Example For Students

Medici Patronage Essay Cosimo de Medici (13891464), the fabulously wealthy banker who became the leading citizen of Florence in the fifteenth century, spent lavishly as the city s most important patron of art and literature. This remarkable book is the first comprehensive examination of the whole body of works of art and architecture commissioned by Cosimo and his sons. By looking closely at this spectacular group of commissions, we gain an entirely new picture of their patron and of the patron s point of view. Recurrent themes in the commissionsfrom Fra Angelico s San Marco altarpiece to the Medici Palaceindicate the main interests to which Cosimo s patronage gave visual expression. Dale Kent offers new insights and perspectives on the individual objects comprising the Medici oeuvre by setting them within the context of civic and popular culture in early Renaissance Florence, and of Cosimo s life as the leader of the Medici lineage and the dominant force in the governing elite. From the wealth of available documentation on Cosimo de Medici s life, the author considers how Cosimo s own experience influenced his patronage; how the culture of Renaissance Florence provided a common idiom for the patron, his artists, and his audience; what he preferred and intended as a patron; and how focusing on his patronage of art alters the image of him that is based on his roles as banker and politician. Cosimo was as much a product as a shaper of Florentine society, Kent concludes. She identifies civic patriotism and devotion as the main themes of his oeuvre and argues that religious imperatives may well have been more important than political ones in shaping the art for which he was responsible and its receptionArts and Paintings

Why IM in Favor of Death Penalty free essay sample

â€Å"I’m in favor of death penalty. † Legalizing death penalty, as far as I know, is still a pending case in our country. But for you to know how can I say that I’m in favor of it? Simple. First, because when a prison is imprisoned many times, for me it can be considered to have him/her to have the death penalty. It is called abuse. Second, because our country is a free country, a democratic country. And because of that, drug pushers, robbers, hold-uppers and the like, abuses the freedom given to us.They know that if they’ll commit crime, the only punishment for it is imprisonment. And as we all know, not all of our personnel who are against crime do their entire job. I mean, not all of them sacrifice their lives for a person who is in danger. Death penalty, for me, would be a solution to our government’s problem relating to this matter. We will write a custom essay sample on Why IM in Favor of Death Penalty or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Crime becomes cycle in our country. A cycle that has no solution. It’s like committing crime, and then imprisonment, then after that, that person who commits crime will then be free.Sometimes, â€Å"justice† is in the hands of the people who have their power against poor people, their money. Death penalty is also a way to lessen those people in who are being put into prison, people who are committing crime. If death penalty or capital punishment will be once again executed here in our country, maybe most Filipinos would be afraid to commit crime after all. I know, killing a live is a sin. But compare to the sins that they are doing?It’s nothing. It’s like committing a crime without their conscience. But in death penalty, we do it for justice and for them to be responsible in their actions. Death penalty will be one of the solutions, but not for all aspects of life. Here, I only want to say that if we will live in peace and harmony, there will be no problem, but not absolutely. I also want to point out that if God will be in our lives, there will be no crime everywhere.

U.S. Median Age Highest Ever

U.S. Median Age Highest Ever The median age in America reached its highest point ever at 37.2 years, up from 32.9 years in 1990 and 35.3 years in 2000, according to recently released data from Census 2010. By median age, the U.S. Census Bureau means that half of the American people are now older and half younger than 37.2 years. According to the Census Bureau’s report Age and Sex Composition: 2010, seven states recorded a median age of 40 or older in 2010. The report also showed that between 2000 and 2010, the U.S. male population grew 9.9%, while the female population saw a 9.5% increase. Of the total 2010 Census population, 157.0 million people were female (50.8%) and 151.8 million were male (49.2%). Between 2000 and 2010, the population 45 to 64 years old grew 31.5% to 81.5 million. This age group now makes up 26.4% of the total U.S. population. The large growth among 45- to 64-year-olds is primarily because of the aging of the baby boom population. The 65-and-older population also grew faster than most younger population groups at a rate of 15.1% to 40.3 million people, or 13.0% of the total population. While attributing the jump to aging baby boomers, Census Bureau analysts noted that the 65-and-over population actually increased at a slower rate than the overall population for the first time in the history of the census. Baby boomers are considered to be persons born from 1946 to 1964. According to the Census Bureau, the average retirement age in the U.S. is 62, with the average life expectancy after retirement is 18 years. However, as the U.S. Social Security Administration advises, actually starting to draw Social Security retirement benefits at age 62, rather than waiting until your full retirement age comes with risks and rewards. While the median age increased by nearly two and a half years between 1990 and 2000, said Campbell Gibson, a senior Census Bureau demographer, the growth of the population aged 65-and-over was by far the lowest recorded rate of growth in any decade for this age group. The slower growth of the population 65 and over, Gibson said, reflects the relatively low number of people reaching 65 during the past decade because of the relatively low number of births in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The increase in median age from 32.9 years in 1990 to 35.3 in 2000 reflects a 4-percent drop in the number of persons between 18 to 34 years old combined with a 28-percent increase in the population between 35 to 64 years of age. The most rapid increase in size of any age group in the profile was the 49 percent jump in the population 45-to-54-years-old. This increase, to 37.7 million in 2000, was fueled mainly by the entry into this age group of the first of the baby boom generation. Besides data on age, the U.S. profile contains data on sex, household relationship and household type, housing units, and renters and homeowners. It also includes the first population totals for selected groups of Asian, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and Hispanic or Latino populations. The findings above are from a Census 2000 profile of the U.S. population, released May 15, 2001. Here are more highlights from Census 2000: The number of males (138.1 million) edged closer to the number of females (143.4 million), raising the sex ratio (males per 100 females) from 95.1 in 1990 to 96.3 in 2000.The nations housing units numbered 115.9 million, an increase of 13.6 million from 1990.The average household size in 2000 was 2.59, down slightly from 2.63 in 1990.Of the 105.5 million occupied housing units in 2000, 69.8 million were occupied by owners and 35.7 million by renters; the homeownership rate increased from 64 percent to 66 percent.The number of non-family households rose at twice the rate of family households 23 percent versus 11 percent.Families maintained by women with no husband present increased three times as fast as married-couple families 21 percent versus 7 percent. Married-couple families dropped from 55 percent to 52 percent of all households.A nation of loaners? In 1940, less than 8 percent of all Americans lived alone. Today, almost 26 percent live by themselves.

Controlling as the Vital Function of Management Essay

Controlling as the Vital Function of Management - Essay Example Controlling functions and techniques are exercised in all functional areas of management such as finance, marketing, human resource, production, etc. The process of control is very much associated with planning, the primary function of management. Both these functions are complementary to each other in the sense that either of these has no meaning unless the other is performed. In simple terms, controlling is the process of ensuring that all activities are in conformity with what has been planned already. It is the act of identifying any deviation from the standard performance by comparing it with the actual performance. Controlling function is not complete once the deviations are identified. Correcting the deviation, if any, is also under the purview of controlling process. It is a four-step process of establishing performance standards based on the firm's objectives, measuring and reporting of actual performance, comparing the two, and taking corrective or preventive actions, if necessary. Henry Fayol defines controlling as " in an undertaking, control consists in verifying whether everything occurs in conformity with the plan adopted, the instructions issued, and principles established, It has for an object to point out weaknesses and errors in order to rectify them and prevent recurrence. It operates on everything-things, people actions." Performance standards are ... Corrective action is warranted only when actual performance is below standards to ensure that the problem will not recur. On the other hand, if the performance is greater than or equal to standards, the behavior or system because of which it happened will be reinforced. Characteristics of Controlling Process Controlling is a never-ending process. Organisations which strive for improved performance will keep on controlling the activities of all areas. The exercise of controlling process is cyclical in nature which permanently observes the discrepancies of actual performance and corrects such deviations. Controlling is inseparably associated with planning function as the former cannot be exercised without the latter. In other words, planning is pointless unless it is accompanied by controlling. Because, mere establishment of standards alone will not bring success in business, rather, it must be compared with the actual continuously. Controlling is both anticipatory and retrospective. It expects problems and takes preventive action. With corrective actions, the process also follows up on problems. It employs a number of techniques based on the nature and area of problems. Controlling process ensures successful and efficient performance from executors who are held responsible for discrepanci es. However, employees are reluctant to have a control mechanism in the organization as it constantly evaluates their performance in terms of what is needed by the organization.

Primary Source Analysis (Between Emerson and Thoreau) Essay

Primary Source Analysis (Between Emerson and Thoreau) - Essay Example This essay examines Emerson’s ‘Nature’ and passages from Thoreau’s ‘Walden,’ arguing that these texts reimagine our epistemological connection with the Universe through poetically reframing the way we approach nature and our philosophical relation to history and humanity. One of the most prominent connections between the texts is the need to view nature through a poetic lens. In this way, both Emerson and Thoreau distinguish between forms of interacting with nature with this poetic lens, and modes where nature is viewed only for its utility. Emerson indicates, â€Å"His relation to nature†¦is through the understanding, as by manure, the economic use of fire, wind, water, and the mariner’s needle† (Emerson, p. 7). This distinction between the poetic view of nature and the economic view of nature is also echoed in Thoreau. Thoreau writes, â€Å"I have frequently seen a poet withdraw, having enjoyed the most valuable part of a farm, while the crusty farmer had supposed that he had got a few wild apples only† (Thoreau, p. 3). In both instances there is the recognition that man’s transcendental interaction with nature must occur under the auspices of poetic observation. Another coinciding element between both texts is a consideration of man’s relation to history. ... Why should not we have a poetry and philosophy of insight and not of tradition, and a religion by revelation to us, and not the history of theirs?† (Emerson, p. 3). Later in the text Emerson indicates that the existence of a common man in 19th century America is just as glorious as Julius Caesar’s existence. In this way Emerson is indicating that man’s search for truth and meaning should be rooted in their relationship with nature over their relationship history. To an extent Thoreau embraces Emerson’s epistemological positioning of nature as transcending history. Thoreau writes, â€Å"I have been as sincere a worshipper of Aurora as the Greeks† (Thoreau, p. 5). Still, Thoreau seems more willing to revel in the way that nature brings man into a direction connection with historical precedent. In either instance there is the The means that the texts explore the way man interacts with nature represents another significant consideration. Emerson clearly embraces a phenomenological connection with nature and subsequently the universe. He indicates, â€Å"The foundations of man are not in matter, but in spirit. But the element of spirit is eternity† (Emerson, p. 6). In addition to indicating this means of connecting with nature, Emerson articulates a number of dimensions to his perspective, including notions of the Soul. While Emerson works to create a pantheon of spirituality through reference to the Soul, Thoreau works more to demonstrate appropriate ways for man to consider their place in the world and their relation to nature. In one instance Thoreau describes his entrance into town. He comments, â€Å"When I meet the engine with its train of cars moving off with planetary motion, -- or rather like a comet, for the beholder knows not if with that velocity

Xploring Empirical Modeling and web-enabled EM tools Essay

Xploring Empirical Modeling and web-enabled EM tools - Essay Example In this paper, the concepts of EM with web-enabled EM tools will be investigated in accordance with a classic game ‘Battleship’. Web EDEN is the first web-enabled version of EDEN introduced in 2007, but there were few potential disadvantages of Web EDEN. However, a newer version of web-enabled EM tools called JsEden, has been developed in 2010. It is based on a JavaScript implementation of EDEN and it eliminated the major disadvantage introduced by Web Eden. This paper will explore JsEden and its advantages. The first web-enabled EM tool is called Web-EDEN, it was introduced in 2007. Web EDEN has several disadvantages. The major disadvantage is load-balancing between client and server. This is because EDEM models run at the clients are sent to the server for interpretation which produces a large network load. Thus the interpretation is slow. However, JsEden has resolved this issue by implementing EDEN with JavaScript, although this is still in prototype stage, but it deals with all the issues of Web-Eden and provides several advantages over Web-EDEN. Given that JsEden is a browser based implementation of EDEN, thus, it addresses the issues of portability and provides capability of cross-platform. JsEden has improved the portability to a greater extent by implementing EDEN using JavaScript. However, portability is addressed by following the principles of EM. In this scenario, the major concepts such as observables, dependency and agency are not machine-specific terms; they are related to experience that comes from interacting with computer during the construction of models. In addition, the traditional implementation of EDEN has relied on invoking procedural actions triggered by observable changes. Additionally, drawing interface in JsEden has to be explicitly programmed and point on the display has to be redrawn to maintain the dependency between internal state and their visual counterpart. Since

Book Emperor Of The Air English Literature Essay

Book Emperor Of The Air English Literature Essay Throughout many of his stories in his book Emperor of the Air author Ethan Canin explores the theme of happiness in relation to his characters. Depending on which source one uses, happiness ranges from the quality or state of being happy to a state of well-being characterized by emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy and according to the Oxford English Dictionary Good fortune or luck in life or in a particular affair; success, prosperity. Based on this, happiness is subjective to the individual. Every story in the book deals with the theme in its various forms but the three pieces I will examine each deal with this subject and its various definitions in their own ways, and I feel are the best representations of happiness. In his second story The Year of Getting to Know Us Canin introduces the idea of happiness directly and very matter-of-factly. Canin first questions the happiness of Lenny while he is at the counselors when he is asked You sound as if you dont want to let people near youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Right? and Lenny responds with Im a reasonably happy man (Canin 26). After reading this, we get a sense that maybe Lenny is lying, that he is holding something back. How can someone be happy, going through what he has, and will continue to go through? The events that are explained further in the story: his fathers death and his wifes affair, impose on this question further. On the very next page Lenny goes on to talk about his life saying I am struck by the good fortune of my life (Canin, 1988). Perhaps Lenny truly is happy, as he early states an exact definition of the word in his thought of good fortune. Despite all that has happened in his life, he remains optimistic, and believes himself to be happy, and maybe he is. The opposition to Lennys apparent happiness is the nearly constant nagging he receives questioning his emotions and ability to feel anything at all. Canin mentions such an instance immediately after mentioning Lennys good fortune in life when he states Anne says that I dont feel things (Canin 27). Lenny never questions whether or not if he is able to feel, but also never goes out of his way to show any emotion other than stating that he is indeed happy. Even after witnessing his wifes affair firsthand, the only way Lenny can express himself is by writing down on a napkin you are a 40 year old man with no children and your wife is having an affair (Canin, 1988). Lennys apparent lack of any emotion that would come naturally to anyone in the same circumstance is quite intriguing and leaves the reader questioning his feelings, if he has any. Another moment where Lennys feelings are under fire comes when he is a child and his mother asks him if he is angry and he responds with I dont know (Canin, 1988). This shows the reader that even though he was young, Lenny was indecisive about his feelings, and whether or not he felt anything. Canin leaves the decision of whether or not this character is happy or if he can feel, up to the reader. I believe that Lenny is and was happy, and just because a person may not show outward expressions of emotion, or whether they know exactly what they are feeling at a given time or not, does not mean they are not happy or unable to feel. Lenny has more than likely felt very conflicted about things as is stated by Canin near the end of the story after Lennys father has passed away But I didnt feel what I thought I would. Just the wind on my throat, the chill of the morning. (Canin 40). Given such circumstances it is easy to see why some may view him as being unhappy or without feeling completely, but with that being said, it is all subjective. Lies is the third story in Canins collection and unlike The Year of Getting to Know Us it does not introduce the concept of happiness quite as clearly. From the very first paragraph we see a certain sense of naivety about the character Jack, which is no more evident than when he says to himself Some guys my age are kids, but Im eighteen and getting married and thats a big difference (Canin, 1988). This thought alone says a lot about Jack, and what he must be telling himself happiness is, and what happiness can be. We do not yet know that Katy, his girlfriend, is pregnant, or that he is soon to be a father. Canin does not tell the reader this outright, but hints at it, and leaves the reader to question Jacks motives, and his state of mind. Jack is trying to convince himself that things are good, and that everything will be O.K. but the truth of the matter is, that things will probably not be good, and he does not want to acknowledge this. He chooses to live in the moment, and lies to himself to be happy. Jack has no problems lying and Canin gives us an example of this when Katy says that she loves him, and Jack says to himself I dont mind lying, but not about that as if to say that it is O.K. to lie about some things, but not about others (Canin 50). When Jack does tell Katy that he loves her, it comes at the end of the story and almost seems forced, as if even he doesnt believe it and the lies he has been telling himself are starting to fade through. For a while jack is happy, but it is only a false sense of happiness because he had to lie to himself, had to trick himself into believing it. He acted in ways he normally never would have, and had to compensate with the lies. A question one should take into consideration when thinking about Jacks situation is should he be happy? Does jack have the right to be happy by whatever means necessary, even if it means lying to himself with no mind of the repercussions? The answer to this is yes. Jack realizes his situation, as Canin states I think about how this bit with Katy started and how fast its gone, and it kind of stuns me that this is what happened, that of all the ways a life can turn out this is the way mine is going to go (Canin 52). Despite his circumstances Jack chooses to remain optimistic about his future, and goes about this by lying to himself, hence the title of the story; Lies. Pitch Memory is similar to The Year of Getting to Know Us in a couple of ways. Both of the main characters insist that they are happy, both have dilemmas they need to overcome, and both have people in their lives who believe they are not happy. Lenny had both his mother and wife, and the main character of PM, who is suspiciously nameless, has her klepto-mother. Canin gives us insight into why she may not be happy through a first person narrative perspective. Through this perspective it is not really necessary to know her name, and was a wise decision on Canins part because we are able to keep an objectionable distance from the character. Although we do not know her name, we do know about her family and her profession, as Canin states on page one-hundred Tessa is a heart surgeon and I am a waitress (Canin 100). From here we can see as to why she may be not as happy as what she says or thinks, but then again, does ones occupation really determine ones overall happiness? The answer to this is no, people can love their job but still be miserable and vice-a-versa. It does not matter that she is a waitress, but this is a fact that her mother cannot seem to comprehend. I have dealt with similar issues in my own life. I once told my mother that I would be perfectly happy with a career at Pizza-Hut, so long as I was able to live how I wanted. Granted this was a lie, but I was trying to make a point, and she understood this. Sometimes it takes people a little longer to come around, but if they truly care; they will. The first example Canin gives of her mothers thoughts occurs when she receives a phone call from one her fathers old acquaintances who said Your mother is concerned about what youre doing with your life. This shows not only that her mother cares about her life, but also that she is still somewhat confused as to how someone could be happy serving pancakes. She actually goes on to tell her mother directly that she is happy as Canin illustrates Im happy, Mother. I dont want another job, I dont need a husband. Im happy (Canin 107). With this Canin directly tells us that she is happy, as she lists reasons to her happiness, and gives her a uniqu e sense of logic about it. People make their own happiness, there is no standard as to what constitutes being happy. Thanksgiving dinner is when she proclaims her happiness yet again during dialogue with her mother: My Mother asks the waiter whether he minds working on Thanksgiving Day and he tells her that everybodys got to earn a living. Thats right, my mother says when the waiter leaves. Mom, I am earning a living. Are you going to serve pancakes the rest of your life? I think I will, I say, and this makes my mother start to cry (Canin, 1988). This is the most obvious declaration of happiness in the entire book, as she is able to firmly stand her ground and tell her mother that she is happy, and will continue to do what makes her happy, be it serving pancakes or cleaning the bathrooms at the restaurant. Canins theme of happiness in each of these stories takes on its own forms, and leaves the readers asking themselves questions about their own happiness. He addresses if one can be happy despite the gravest of circumstances, whether happiness can be attained by lying to oneself, and if someone can be happy despite not having the best standing in life and by doing what they love to do. He addresses each story with a realistic yet optimistic viewpoint on the subject, and is able to maintain it to the very last sentence in each.

Richard Connells The Most Dangerous Game Essay -- Richard Connell Mos

Richard Connell's The Most Dangerous Game In Richard Connell's short story, "The Most Dangerous Game';, the use of literary devices, found blended with other literary devices, gives the story an inner meaning. The blending of literary devices effectively expresses the intentions of Connell to present contrast between the antagonist and protagonist points of view. As a result, the reader can gain insight on the good and evil sides of the story to enhance the purpose of his interpretation. "The Most Dangerous Game'; by Richard Connell presents literary devices such as foreshadowing, setting, and irony which reveal the underlying meaning of the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Connell's use of foreshadowing creates an atmosphere of mystery and a hesitant feeling of not knowing what events will occur. For instance, Zaroff "has ceased [hunting]'; because all the animals "had become too easy'; to chase; but one animal has a certain characteristic of being "able to reason'; which rekindles his passion for the thrill of the hunt (68). The vague statement at which Zaroff makes at Rainsford obviously hints toward humans as being the animal of reason because referring to the statement Rainsford makes in the early stages of the story, he asserts that animals do not feel or think. Now that Rainsford conceives the idea that Zaroff hunts humans, it provides Rainsford with a frustrating mental reaction of fear and anger because Zaroff openly declares that he poaches humans for amusement and yet Rainsford feels the anxiety of dying in his sick game. Equally important, while Zaroff hunts strategically, "[his] brain against [Rainsford]'; (71), "it sent a shudder of cold horror'; in the flowing veins of Rainsford because of the fear that he will "lose [his] nerve'; (73). Immediately, when Rainsford enters the repulsive jungle, he knows that the strategy for staying alive becomes not only physically, but by remaining mentally strong and not losing his nerves. For this reason, by staying on objective and visualizing his goal of achieving victory over Zaroff; Rainsford will not have to worry about weakness from hunger because he will be full of hope and optimism for the rest of his life. Connell utilizes foreshadowing in a way that other authors do not compare because when he uses an event that contains foreshadowing, he does not state it candidly but blends foreshadowing into story like the ... ...ting, and irony essential to the effect of the story, Connell utilizes his command of these literary devices to relate to the everyday life of the reader. Throughout the story, Zaroff exclaims that when he murders animals, it does not excite him which leads him to kill humans. The wrongful action which Zaroff commits demonstrates the way the world behaves today, specifically the hunting world. For this reason in the hunting world of today, people kill animals for either game or for enjoyment; but what perverse mind enjoys that slaughter of creatures? The violence of today exists all around where people call home or gather to socialize with other people. For example, when people leave their home to watch movies; people mostly watch violent or action movies for their exciting content. As soon as the movie ends, people come away from the theater with sadistic images which begins the desensitization from violence. The world today must recognize this event that happens to often to the population of the world today because when people view violent movies frequently and feel nothing, people become like Zaroff and kill animals or people because movies do not provide enough exhilaration.

Communicating with multimedia Essay

Audience (who is it aimed at? Age? Gender? Profession? Etc) This website is aimed at teenagers between the ages of 13-19 and young women between the ages of 20-30 years of age. This website is aimed at ladies between the ages of 14-30 years of age. Purpose (what message are they trying to put across to the audience?) The purpose of their website is to attract both teenagers and young women to buy their latest trends at very keen prices. The purpose of their website is to make the target audience aware of their location, where you are able to get more information about the store and about what they have to offer. What media components are used (e.g. text, pictures, sound, and video?) This website uses text to explain what new look is about and pictures to show users what latest trends are available in their stores. This website uses the media components of text where they make the audience aware of where to find them and what they are all about. Intended impact on audience e.g. to inform, to shock to amuse? Their intended impact on their target audience through the website is to inform their users what they specialise in, the fact that new look is a nationwide company and that their latest trends is available at unbelievable prices. Their intended impact on the target audience is to inform their users of their store locations in different places, their card and certain career options which are available in their store. Tactics used e.g. use of stereotype images to appeal to certain age groups The tactics which New Look uses is that they have more pictures on what they have to offer which attracts the users to what they have in terms of latest trends. Krisp doesn’t really use that many tactics, but only uses text to explain to the target user where the store is and what it has to offer. Is there enough information given? Is it too much or too little or just right? The information which is available on their website is just enough informing their users of basic facts about their stores in the UK. There is very little information about what the store has to offer to the user in terms of fashionable trends and the prices which they are at. Is there enough time to take in the message or is there too much or too little time? E.g. is the speed of the video, slideshow etc too, fast or too slow There is plenty of time for the user to take in the information because once you click on a hyperlink which you wish to go to the in formation stays there so it doesn’t appear or disappear so the users have enough time to take the information in. There is a lot of time for the target user to take in the message in which the website is trying to put across although there is a lot of information to take in. Therefore I would say that the time for the users to take in this message is just about enough. User Interaction. How easy is it for the user to choose where they want to go i.e. from one section to another? It is very easy for the users to be able to interact with their website because they have hyperlinks which inform the users of where they wish to go in the website. It is very easy for the user to link from one page to another, so there are able to find out about the different sections by clicking the big hyperlinks provided by the side of the website. Appearance of the screen. What sorts of backgrounds are used? What colours are used? Is there too much text or too many graphics? How could the layout be improved? The colours which are used for the background of their website are black, pink and white; there is not a lot of text but many more graphics. I think that they should have bolder colours for their website in order to attract more of their target audience and use up a little more space for text instead of leaving wide spaces. The colours in which the website uses for the background is a combination of turquoise, white and blue, I would suggest bolder colours to the background of the website to keep the users interested, also I would suggest a lot more graphics and pictures to inform the target audience of the latest fashion they have in stock and what they look like. Are there any user instructions in the presentation? Do they work well? Could they be made clearer? There are no specific user instructions for the user therefore the user is free to use the website in the way they would wish to use it. There are no user instructions as to how they are able to interact with the website, because they are able to do this freely, as they would wish to interact with the website. Do you think the presentation is effective i.e. does it put its message across clearly and in a way that the viewer will remember? Explain why. I think that the presentation is effective in putting their message across because their target audience seem to keep going back because of their latest trends and in terms of what they have to offer their target audience. I don’t think the presentation is that effective, because the message that they put across to the target audience is not clear, it only gives information as to where the stores are locations and how you are able to contact them about finding out more. I think there should be a lot more information about the stores fashion trends and how they are able to get hold of them. Do you think that one of the presentations is more effective than the other? Explain why. (Remember to take into account who the presentation is aimed at.) The presentation which is most effective to their target audience is New Look because they have a lot more pictures and graphics which show the users what they have to offer and all of their latest fashion trends. Whereas the other presentation doesn’t have any graphics or pictures at all, and this isn’t guaranteed to keep the target audience interested in the presentation. Problem Statement. An age group of 14 – 16 years olds are interested in Information Communication Technology and finding out what it all entails. They are particularly interested to know how a computer operates and the different areas which help them to find out more about this. Design Brief. For this project I have been asked to present a multimedia presentation which is targeted at an age group of 14 – 16 year olds. Concerning this certain age group I will present this presentation in an interesting and sensible way in which the appropriate language technique is used. Specification. This multimedia presentation will be aimed at both male and female students aged between 14 – 16 years. The media in which I intend on using includes pictures and text, in order to explain each section of the presentation through written text and diagrams. I also intend to use sound to attract the target audience to this multimedia presentation. Background For the background of the slides, I plan to have the same coloured background for all of the slides produced in order to make it clear the each slide follows on from the previous slide. I also plan on using a coloured background which stands out, so that people are intrigued by the slides and want to know more about each slide. Colour I will use a combination of a few colours in order for the target audience to be attracted to the slides and to keep the users interested in the slides. Pictures I plan to use clipart pictures so that the presentation keeps the intended user interested in the presentation, also so that I am able to show simply how they are useful in the presentation. Sound I intend to include sound on the presentation but not too much so that the intended user doesn’t get distracted by the background sound. I intend to keep it simple on the subject matter of the presentation using the sound for the interaction of the buttons. Interactivity I will use action buttons on the presentation to allow the user to move backwards and forwards throughout the presentation. Evaluation. I have produced a multimedia presentation based on the subject matter of Information Communication Technology. It is aimed at 14-16 year olds, and uses the most suitable media components including text, pictures, diagrams and sound. The multimedia presentation consists of eleven pages which all have one purpose in the presentation. The first slide is the one in which introduces what the subject matter is about, with a clipart picture and a hyperlink to link the target user to where they are able to find out more about I.C.T. The next slide is an introduction slide stating clearly what I.C.T. about, why it is important and how it can be of usefulness to people in everyday life. The third slide explains how the structure of a computer operates, and you can understand how this works. The fourth, fifth and sixth slides and about input devices, what they do and how we can get access to them with clipart pictures showing you what they look like. Also the seventh, eighth and ninth slides are about Output devices how they operate what they do and clipart pictures to follow these explanations. The tenth and eleventh slides are about where we can store information and the types of different disks which help us store information on and pictures to follow this also. In this multimedia presentation the target users are also able to navigate the slides by using the action buttons provided at the bottom of the slides to link from on slide to another. There is also background sound on each of the slides to amuse the target audience, and to keep them interested in the multimedia presentation. I think that I could improve this multimedia presentation by changing the colour of the background of each slide to make them stand out. However before deciding on what I may be able to improve I plan on getting feedback from the target audience and testing the presentation on them to see what they think and if necessary make any improvements that need to be made. Questionnaire. 1. Did you enjoy the subject matter of the presentation? Yes No 2. How did the layout of the presentation appealed to users? Good Satisfactory Not good 3. What did you think about the colour of the background of the presentation? Good O.K. No good 4. Did you think the language was appropriate for 14 -16 year olds? Yes No 5. Was there too little information? Yes No 6. Were there enough images in the presentation? Yes No 7. How where the sound effects on the presentation? Loud O.K. Faint 8. Was the presentation easy to navigate? Yes No 9. Do you think that the presentation furthered your knowledge and understanding of the presentation on the whole? Yes No Thank you for your time and patience. Changes made to presentation from feedback. Backup folder of Unit 5: Communicating with Multimedia.

The Chemical Composition of Air

The Chemical Composition of Air Nearly all of the Earths atmosphere is made up of only five gases: nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, argon, and carbon dioxide. Several other compounds are also present. Although this CRC table does not list water vapor, air can contain as much as 5% water vapor, more commonly ranging from 1-3%. The 1-5% range places water vapor as the third most common gas (which alters the other percentages accordingly). Below is the composition of air in percent by volume, at sea level at 15 C and 101325 Pa. Nitrogen N2 78.084%Oxygen O2 20.9476%Argon Ar 0.934%Carbon Dioxide CO2 0.0314%Neon Ne 0.001818%Methane CH4 0.0002%Helium He 0.000524%Krypton Kr 0.000114%Hydrogen H2 0.00005%Xenon Xe 0.0000087%Ozone O3 0.000007%Nitrogen Dioxide NO2 0.000002%Iodine I2 0.000001%Carbon Monoxide CO traceAmmonia NH3 trace Reference CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, edited by David R. Lide, 1997.

Strategic Analysis of Nokia Corporation The WritePass Journal

Strategic Analysis of Nokia Corporation INTRODUCTION Strategic Analysis of Nokia Corporation INTRODUCTIONMICRO AND MACRO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS:THE COMPETITORS OF NOKIA:Social factorsBusiness environmentWHY CHANGE?ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE IN NOKIAIMPORTANCE OF CHANGE MANAGEMENE IN GENERALCAUSES OF CHANGEDECREASE IN PROFITS OF NOKIA RESULT IN CHANGECHANGE MANAGEMENT PROCESSANALYSIS OF STAKEHOLDERSCONCLUSION:Related INTRODUCTION Nokia is a well known brand in the world of mobile communication and it is the world leader in the industry because of its history, name, reliability and unique products and provision of protected solutions. It is one of the most well-known companies and it has offices all over the world. The main product of Nokia is mobile phones and it also deals in household items. Nokia recognizes its corporate responsibility and states that â€Å"in all parts of business it makes corporate responsibility a part of decision making’’. Mission statement: Nokia is â€Å"CONNECTING PEOPLE† Goal: The goal of Nokia   Ã¢â‚¬Å"In every business place where WE operate to be a good corporate citizen and be an accountable and causative member of society and serve young people to structure their own place in the world†. Target market: The target market of Nokia is spread widely. The demand of Nokia products is worldwide and it has given first choice on other cellular companies of the world.   If we compare the rates of Nokia with other similar companies then it come to know that Nokia has low rates compared to others, and the performance of Nokia products is very good and have many interesting features so most people prefer Nokia. Nokia products have big market place in Asia, America and the Middle East. Due to manufacturing of Nokia products in GSM and AMPS technologies, it meets requirement of every kind of customers. MICRO AND MACRO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: Marketing environment: The factors outside the market which affect the capability of marketing management in developing and continuing successful transactions within target customers. Categories of marketing environment: 1.   Micro environment 2. Micro environment Micro environment: The following factors are micro environmental and affect the organization: Dealers Consumers Competitor Marketing rules General public Macro environment: The following factors are macro environmental and affect the organization: Trade and industry environment Political environment Cultural environment Technological environment Demographic environment THE COMPETITORS OF NOKIA: Nokia has huge market and demand, but we can consider some companies as competitors of Nokia which include the following: Samsung Motorola Ericson Sony Siemens When we analyze these companies separately, we can conclude that these companies have also big market but when we compare it with Nokia we can conclude that these companies do not have same level of market. Social factors Every employee of Nokia is influenced by Nokia performance and status which result in problems such as problems of physical condition, protection, safety, relationship among employees, human rights and corporate citizenship. Business environment Nokia competes in both general and particular level.   It competes generally in global telecommunication and particularly in mobile industry and all its products have fast growth, change and union. WHY CHANGE? Why organizations need to make change or changes? Prior to deciding about the change, all organizations must recognize the causes for change. The organization is the place where different people working together to arrive at the expansion for the business. Therefore, an organization is the brain of business. The collective aim of all employees is the success of the business and they collectively think for some possibilities on how to bring success in life. The organization is main part of the business. It consists of different inventive brains and if the ideas are not sufficient, the organization starts the brainstorming sessions. Some changes are bad for the organizations and some changes are good for the business. Changes invite the employees to share new ideas. ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE IN NOKIA Some organizations make change regularly to keep in business and competitive. Nokia started its business by producing tools and equipments which were used to cut down woods in Finland. Then it changed its business paper, from paper change itself into paperless office related to IT and from there it changed its business into mobile telephone. Nowadays as a world leader of the mobiles, Nokia is going to drive the transformation and playing main role in joining the internet and communication industries. The Nokia manufactures lot of devices which contain services and software from which people can play music, watch videos, TV, make photos, play games, business transaction by using mobile and much more. They focus on providing the consumer internet services and company solution. It is observed that the company consider the change and rearrange the management every year. THE AIMS OF NOKIA: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nokia intends to start Nokia research centre (NCR), which concentrate on long-term research activities and focus on stronger research areas. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The company is planning to change its place for their activities on more suitable areas. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For operations in all over world, company is also planning workers change. ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE APPROACH: In strategic planning model there are two change approaches that are normally used by Nokia in creating their efforts. There are many kinds of models but we have taken two models for suspicious assessment. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Alignment model 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scenario planning model 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Alignment model The strong position among the mission of the company and its resources for effectively running the organization can be ensured by this alignment model. This model is helpful for those companies that want to amend their planning regularly and discover the causes for not working. This approach can also be applied by organizations facing huge number of problems in domestic efficiencies. This model may include the following steps: 1.1.  Ã‚   The organization’s mission, programs, resources and support needed by the organizations is summarized by the planning group. 1.2.  Ã‚   Recognition of procedures working well and those needing modification 1.3.  Ã‚   Recognize how the modifications can be made. 1.4.  Ã‚   Strategies should also be included in the strategic planning for modification. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scenario planning model This approach is not necessary to use separately, it can be used in combination of other models. The purpose of this model is to ensure that the deliberate thoughts are carried out by planners for classification of planned problems and goals. This is an effective model and consists of the following steps. 2.1.  Ã‚   Many external factors causes change and these changes affect the whole organization. 2.2.  Ã‚   Describe unusual potential organizational situations which occur in organization due to modification. The analysis of unfavorable scenario may annoy motivation to make modification in the organization. 2.3.  Ã‚   From the description of the situations to respond the modification, the change management team may develop suggestion for what the company may do. 2.4.  Ã‚   Change management team shall identify approaches for addressing the response to modification from exterior factors. 2.5.  Ã‚   Identify the external factors that cause the modification which affected the company, and describe the approaches that the organization can use to respond to the change. IMPORTANCE OF CHANGE MANAGEMENE IN GENERAL Change management is a very important issue in information technology, and it’s very essential for mobile companies like Nokia because the needs of the mobile users are changing day by day and there is lot of increase in technology. Change management is part of the business of the Nokia but due to increase in technology this issue has become serious. Information technology includes all the components which are essential for effective functioning of the business approaches which may be prevented by the technological issues and other problems. For meeting the needs and choices of the customers it is very important to make the modification and some interval of time. The rule of the change is first of all its very important for businessmen to change their attitude towards change management. The sign of good change management system is that the management always takes up new ways for success in business. For making modification in the organization when we use change management syst em. This system is not only to implement new approaches to make changes in organization but it is the rules and regulation of the information technology infrastructure management in which changes are carried out with more organized, consistent, accurate and discipline approach. CAUSES OF CHANGE The basic reason for the change management is some occurrences or customer requirements or technological advancement. When the demand of the products becomes low, then the profits start to reduce and also results in reduction of market. Other reason is when the company reduces its costs and marketing budgets then the opportunity cost for bringing capital and resources presents other favorable opportunity. This will result in two options, one is selling the current operations and the other is stopping the production. This is the result of increase in new products in market which will fulfill the same need, or there may be change in the habits of the customers purchasing style, the investment and labor has been utilized at new business activities. This is the common cause of the organizational change. Amalgamation and acquisition: the amalgamation is the process of combining or merging two companies and both companies centralize their system for efficiency in decision making. By doing this the departments and processes of both companies can be merged, decline in cost, use of accessible resources. It can result in big organizational change. Change in structure: The modification also comes from new administrative approaches. When company introduces technology system in organization, replace old system with new system, old software and hardware updated in new version, manual system converted in automated system, these all will result in training the employees for operating new system. Procedure dependency: if any organization redesigns its procedures for its operations, it also results in change management. When Nokia changed its policies and procedures, it caused in huge changes in company and result in big resistance. DECREASE IN PROFITS OF NOKIA RESULT IN CHANGE When the profits of the Nokia have started to decrease from the third quarter 2009, the management of the company decided to restructure the organizational ranks of the management. Nokia separated its entities which are mobile phone division and the division for smart phone. In this division the chief financial officer (CFO) of Motorola Rick Simonson was appointed. He has good knowledge about business and finance. The CEO of Nokia Olli-Pekka allasvuo said that from 2001 to 2004, Rick Simonson has remained as CFO. Now as a Head of Mobile Phones division, Rick will work hard with full responsibility for carrying out the products out side the division.   In the third quarter of 2009, Nokia reported in their quarterly financial statement a decline in profits. If we compare the profits for this quarter and same quarter of last year, it shows that the profit of Nokia falls to 391 million pounds, but in the same quarter last year it was about to 1.3 billion pounds. And the sales also decr ease by 20 percent to 9 billion pounds. CHANGE MANAGEMENT PROCESS This change management is good in implementing the change with low resistance. There are many other approaches but results of this approach are satisfactory as compare to others. It is divided in three parts. First one is prepare for change, second is managing change, third and last one is reinforcing change. Prepare for change: This step is designed to get ready for change before implementing change. This part provides the solution of at what level the project requires the change. This helps in obtaining knowledge for implementing change effectively. The results of this step are change in profile of individuals, obtain profile for organization characteristics, prepare change management plan, select members for change management team and assign them roles for change. Managing change: This part of the change management process help in forming policy for project actions. The results of this step are to make plan for communication, arrangement for training, arrangement for coaching, and the main function of this step is to plan the policy for resistance management. Reinforcing change: This part of the change management process assists the project team in making policies for confirming that the process of modification is continued. This step also helps project teams in making actions and methods for verifying that the change has taken place, and observing that the employees are working in new way and celebrating effective implementation of the change. The results of this step are reinforcing methods, remedial act policy, individual and organizations approaches for respect, celebration on effective implementation, review work after implementation of the change. Through change management process, you can supervise the factors for change within our organization. Through use of this change management process, the examination and direction would be easy in identifying what level of change can take place in organization. It may also help in how change can be implemented by use of approvals and reviews of stake holders. The phases for supervising change are also included in change management process. Through the use of change management process, you can recognize the factors that require change, authenticate the possibility of each change, help in controlling the change, and also supervise in modification approval. ANALYSIS OF STAKEHOLDERS Stakeholders are those who have an interest in the organization’s activities and are affected by the events and judgment, actions and decisions of the company. These peoples have interest in the organization and extensively affected by the activities of the organization. The company should consider the interest of the stakeholders, what they want, there choices, how they can be facilitated etc. for effective implementation of the change the company should discuss the factors of the change and about the implementation of the change with the stakeholders. Obtain suggestions and decide accordingly. In deciding about the change the organization should take into consideration both the factors and the suggestions of the stakeholders.   If the stakeholders resist the proposal for change, let them know about the benefits of the change and what the stakeholders can get after the effective implementation of the change. RECOMMENDATIONS: Nokia is the world’s largest mobile phone company. It has competent features and services but after consideration of this report some of the recommendations would help the company in achieving targets of the company. The prices of the sets should be decreased so that everyone can easily purchase the sets. This may result in market raise and profits may also increase. The availability of spare parts should be in every country so customers can purchase without any difficulty. Warranty should also be provided for defects. For saving the huge amount of entertainment material, the amount of capacity of the memory should be raised. Training should be provided to employees when there is any change in technology and company want to make use that technology. Customer care centers should be open at main areas of the country in order to provide good services and facilities to customers. The terms and conditions for claiming warranty should be consumer oriented. There should be increase in advertisement. Open franchise at those places where the products of competitors are not available. CONCLUSION: Nokia is the leader of all the companies which deal in similar products, because of its experience, innovation; it provides easy and protected solutions. The main product of Nokia is mobile phone and its offices are located all over the world. The mission statement of the Nokia is very attractive â€Å"CONNECTING PEOPLE†. The demand of the Nokia products is high as compared to same products of other companies and its products are highly preferable all over the world. There is also effect of the market environment on the company. Market environment can be classified in two categories. One is microenvironment and other is macro environment. Both categories effect the organization. Some of the factors of both categories are such as customers, suppliers, political environment, technical environment, social environment etc. The competitors of Nokia may include Samsung, Motorola, Ericson and so forth. The employees of an organization are influenced by social as well as environmental factors. Change is very essential in organization. Change is unavoidable everything continuously need changes. Prior to making any changes, the organization should identify the causes for change and plan accordingly. Some of the changes are not good for the organization and some are good. The good change is one which pressurizes the employees for sharing new ideas. Nokia started its business by producing tools and equipment which can be used to cut down woods in Finland. Then it changed its business paper, from paper change itself into paperless office related to IT and from there it changed its business into mobile telephone. Today it’s the leader of all the mobiles. Nokia is going to drive the transformation and playing main role in joining the internet and communication industries. For modification in the organization the Nokia uses two approaches, one is Alignment model and other is Scenario planning model. By alignment approach the strong position among the mission of the company and its resources for effectively running the organization can be ensured. And by scenario planning approach the deliberate thoughts that are carried out by planners can be ensured. The scenario planning approach is also useful for classification of planned problems and goals. Nokia also made analysis of its stakeholders. Before making any change the company should discuss the matter under consideration with stakeholders, collect information, analyze factors for change and then make decision after taking careful consideration of these factors. The phases included in change management process are preparing for change, managing change and reinforcing change. For increasing the market share and profit and increasing the demand of its products Nokia should decrease the cost f its products, make available its spare parts in every market, increase memory capacity of its products, training should be provided to employees, customer care centers should be opened at main areas of the country, terms and conditions should be customer friendly, franchise should be opened and increase the advertisement for competition. The business of Nokia is mainly related to technology so changes must be made at regular level to satisfy the customer’s needs and requirement.

Bullying in Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Bullying in Schools - Essay Example By definition, the term bullying is used to describe a specific behavior pattern, usually found more among boys than among girls. â€Å"Bullying is characterized by bigger and stronger youngsters’ ‘victimizing’ their peers through the repeated use of negative actions, such as physical, verbal or relational aggression†. This gender difference is generally believed to be the result of a stronger male association with physical aggression as an appropriate means of establishing and maintaining peer status or dominance. For many of these children, whether victims or bullies, the patterns for their later treatment in school can be seen to be established to some extent at home. A study conducted by Schwartz, Dodge, Pettit, and Bates found that children who grew up to be aggressive victims in primary school had most often experienced punitive, hostile and abusive family relationships during their preschool years while those engaged in aggressive acts had witnessed greater incidences of adult aggression but had not experienced this aggression firsthand. However, those children who emerged as passive victims of bullying behavior in school demonstrated a little difference between their early home life with those children who were not victims. Early studies looking into the general category of what was initially termed ‘undesirable behavior’, which included acts of bullying, discovered that behavior problems such as bullying increased with age, reaching a peak between the ages of 9 and 13.

Euthanasia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Euthanasia - Essay Example Specifically, euthanasia has been defined as, â€Å"a deliberate intervention undertaken with the express intention of ending a life, to relieve intractable suffering" (Harris 2001, p. 70). Globally there are a variety of legal perspectives on euthanasia. In these regards one considers the nature of voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia. Voluntary euthanasia, when the act occurs with the willful consent of the patient, is permitted in some countries. Conversely, involuntary euthanasia is globally prohibited. The last two decades have experienced tremendous controversy over euthanasia as individuals such as Dr. Jack Kevorkian popularized the practice, gaining significant media attention in the process; still, one must note that even as Kevorkian gained some mainstream acceptance, he was ultimately convicted for his actions. While legal considerations of euthanasia are a major concern, of late ethical concerns have most prominently dominated the collective discussion. This essay exam ines ethical concerns within secular and catholic perspectives. While Catholic doctrine spans a wide array of considerations, one of the most comprehensive perspectives exists in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. Part 3, section 2 of the catechism addresses many considerations related to euthanasia. One considers that the Ten Commandments is a foundational doctrine not simply of the Catholic Church, but of the Christian faith. ... The catechism states, "Human life is sacred because from its beginning it involves the creative action of God and it remains for ever in a special relationship with the Creator, who is its sole end. God alone is the Lord of life from its beginning until its end: no one can under any circumstance claim for himself the right directly to destroy an innocent human being" ("Vatican VA"). One considers that this passage more accurately stands against the act of euthanasia. Rather than simply prohibiting the act of murder this consideration extends the notion to include life as sacred from beginning to end, and granting God specific domain over life decisions. The preceding examples demonstrate that Catholic doctrine prohibits acts related to euthanasia. Still, individuals have argued that the nature of euthanasia – delivering one from their suffering – would be in line with the general mode of Christian thought. Further analytic consideration has been given to this counter-ar gument. While delivering an individual from suffering would seemingly be viewed as a positive step, it has been argued that Jesus suffering on the cross is positioned within the New Testament and larger Christian faith as a necessary aspect of life. In these regards, the suffering resulted in the forgiving of humanities sins. On a broader symbolic level it represents that oftentimes-suffering functions as a means of developing character or for ultimately positive reasons (Pavone). While the Catholic perspective on euthanasia strictly forbids its occurrence, there is a variety differing secular perspectives. In the realm of medical ethics one of the prominent ethical approaches is that of natural law. Natural law as established in Greek antiquity states that, â€Å"man should live life

Assess the Extent to Which International Intervention for Humanitarian Essay

Assess the Extent to Which International Intervention for Humanitarian Reasons is Becoming a Normal Among the International Comm - Essay Example To assess extent of the international intervention for humanitarian reasons one shall primary discover its foundation. In my opinion, regulation of human rights and freedoms are the basis for any humanitarian intervention in pre- and post-war period. Before signing the UN Charter, Geneva Conventions of 1949 and other international documents they were regulated exclusively by national law. Their scope and variety depended on historical epochs. According to national law, humanitarian intervention was allowed only for protection of life and property of citizens, staying on the territory of another state, and also of ethnic minorities. French intervention to Syria (1860 - 1861) can be regarded as its classical example. Justification of the above intervention was the rescue of local Christian population. A short-term religious conflict between the Maronite Christians and the massacre provoked indignation of European community of those times. Houndari (1946) remarks that previously there h as been tolerance between Muslims and the local Christian community. At the Conference in Paris the most influential European countries empowered France to perform the intervention for humanitarian reasons. ... , but only because it was clear that non-compliance with the wishes of the European great powers would lead to strategic coercion being exercised by the Concert powers against Turkey.† Thus, in XIX century such intervention of the progressive state was quite normal, as oppressors were Muslims, ‘uncivilized foreigners’ and was grounded on common religion and humanity concerns. The French party significantly exceeded its authority, as the initially agreed term of 6 months was prolonged and conflict of power with the British government took place. It is a typical feature of modern humanitarian intervention campaigns (Iran, Afghanistan), where transfer of power to local administration is often prolonged and restricted. Although the French government tried to protect local Christians’ interests, it was just a pretext for power redivision with Great Britain in this region. Scale of the conflict was exaggerated, because most of the Maronite Christians were natives, not numerous and â€Å"and partly because clergy and laity alike were for the most part Arabic in language and culture† (Houndari 1946). On the other hand, the present intervention really improved the situation, as the Christian population was governed and protected by American Christian Governor. The Maronite Christians’ rights and social position strengthened. Special attention should be paid to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, which authorized partition of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union. After World War I League of Nations supported independence of Poland as a buffer against ‘Red Russia’ and progressive Europe. According to agreements between League of Nations members, observance of human, civil and political rights for Polish citizens dwelling outside the country was guaranteed. Lerski (1996)

Personal Goal Essay Example for Free

Personal Goal Essay My purpose for seeking a Doctorate Degree in Educational Leadership is to expand my knowledge of theory and research methods as it pertains to education Being a seasoned professional in the field of education as a Master Teacher for fifteen years, and having been exposed to different challenges in teaching the learners and leading the school, I had this profound realization on the critical tasks of education in this age of globalization. The way schools are led and managed is changing. The types of school leaders and governing bodies that exist today are far more diverse than they once were; and they will continue to develop given the fast-paced movement of modern technology which affects how people and society evolve nowadays. Hence, this complexity calls for leaders with exemplary leadership style that are worth emulating for others so as to make a real distinction in the lives of many people, not only in a community, but for the country, as a whole. Educational leadership and management as a field of inquiry play a significant role in the improvement of schools; leveraging learning outcomes; and enhancing instructional competence of students. In schools, high performance rating and high literacy rates among their clienteles connotes success in one’s governance in education, thus, in making relevance to the system, educational leaders need to exercise certain leadership models that are truly manifesting merit in order to achieve its goals. And I think I already have what it takes to become a leader who can have the knowledge and skills to make these goals a reality.

Dystocia in Sheep: Causes and Treatment

Dystocia in Sheep: Causes and Treatment Introduction: Dystocia in sheep means that they have difficulty giving birth. Dystocia is extremely common in sheep and causes the death of many lambs and ewes. A study conducted in New Zealand showed that dystocia accounted for 50% of deaths among new-born lambs. When lambing takes more than one hour after rupture of the foetal membranes it is classed as dystocia (D. Lunau, 2011). Obesity and lack of exercise during late pregnancy increase the chances of dystocia in sheep. Noticing and interfering with dystocia early will result in a satisfactory outcome for both ewe and the lamb. Yearling mothers are much more susceptible to problems than animals that have previously given birth. It was reported that more than 60% of dystocia was diagnosed in yearlings (Z. B. Ismail, 2016). Causes of Dystocia: There are many causes of dystocia. Dystocia in sheep can be caused by either maternal or foetal factors. The main causes include foetal postural abnormalities, incomplete dilation of the cervix and cervicovaginal prolapse. The foetal postural abnormalities include head deviation, forelimb flexion, breech presentation and dog sitting position. The main maternal cause was the failure of full cervical dilation (causes 30% of dystocia cases in sheep). Oversized foetus (large head, wide shoulders or just a large foetus in general) and narrow pelvis are huge factors related to dystocia. Common mistakes when dealing with dystocia include allowing the ewe to be in labour too long before intervening, trying to deliver a lamb that is in an abnormal position and applying too much force. If a ewe is in labour (i.e. Stage 2) for thirty-forty minutes with no progress, then intervention is advised. If they are in labour too long it can lead to a haemorrhage, shock, infection and a dead lamb. The bi rth canal of a sheep is very small. So it should be ensured that the lamb is positioned properly before it enters the birth canal, as it is very difficult to manipulate the position in the birth canal. Correcting the position of the lamb must be done so before trying to remove the lamb. The correct position of a lamb is the head and front legs coming first through the birth canal, right-side up. It should never be attempted to remove a lamb that is in an abnormal position. Many ewes die because of prolonged manipulation of lambs in the birth canal. It is emphasized by all veterinary professionals that extensive attempts at manual delivery of the foetus are associated with poorer outcomes in relation to the survival of both the ewe and the new-born. Excessive force can result in shock, haemorrhage, infection, fertility problems, and a prolapse of the vagina and uterus is also possible. The force used when assisting with the lambing process should be minimal. The cervix should never b e forced open! It will dilate as much as it can naturally. Causing extra unnecessary pain should be avoided. Basically, simple assistance should be provided if the assistance doesnt help make progress then a caesarean section must be performed. A delayed delivery can result in a dead lamb and an injured ewe (A.H.M. Ali, 2011). Dystocia shouldnt cause problems in the future however if the above mistakes are made then serious problems may be encountered. Caesarean Section: A caesarean section is performed on 1 in 5 ewes (L. Wilson, 2007). Early intervention for performing a caesarean section results in the delivery of live lambs and much healthier ewes. The most common complication after performing a caesarean is a retained placenta, which is more likely to occur in ewes that received prolonged assistance. Vaginal or uterine tears are common when surgical intervention was delayed. Surgery is done on the right side of the ewe. The reason behind this is that the uterus is easily accessible on the right side, it is right under the skin. If it was done on the left side, then the intestines and many other organs must be removed to get to the uterus. The ewe should be placed on some straw bedding in right lateral recumbency. The legs and head are tied to stop the ewe from moving. Sedation may or may not be administered to the ewe, to help with positioning of ewe for surgery. However, sedation is not advised if it is expected to deliver a live lamb because of possible severe cardiopulmonary and nervous depression. Most of the left side is clipped, the skin is scrubbed with some warm water and an iodine is applied, to ensure the area is as clean as possible. The line of incision is numbed with local anaesthetic (e.g. 1% lidocaine). The incision should be made vertically down the left paralumbar fossa or low flank and at 20cm in length. When making the incision, care s hould be taken to ensure the rumen wall isnt cut into. This is easily done as the muscle layers are very thin. The uterus is pulled externally, to prevent the spillage of foetal fluid into the abdominal cavity, and an incision is made along the greater curvature. It should start between the hooves of the foetus, to avoid cutting the foetus. A sterile scissors should be used to cut the uterus along the leg, starting from the incision made at the hooves. The amniotic fluid pours out of the uterus and the lamb is pulled out. The lamb is then passed on to an assistant. The assistant must swing the lamb upside down to clear the fluid from its nose. The lamb should be rubbed dry with a towel and their breathing should be stimulated. The uterus is then sutured using a double layer of suture pattern with a non-synthetic absorbable suture material. The abdominal cavity is washed out with sterile saline in case some amniotic fluid dripped in. The peritoneum and muscle layers are the closed us ing absorbable suture material in a simple continuous pattern. The skin is closed using non-absorbable sutures in a simple uninterrupted pattern and cleaned. Post-operative antibiotics (e.g. meloxicam or Flunixine meglumine) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are administered once the ewe is cleaned up and these must continue for 5 to 7 days. The skin sutures are removed within 10-14 days. (A. OBrien, 2015, Z.B. Ismail, 2016). Conclusion: It is obvious that timing is important when dealing with a case of dystocia. If a sheep is in labour too long, the outcome is usually a dead lamb and an extremely injured ewe, or possibly even a dead ewe also. Primiparous mothers are commonly diagnosed with dystocia, so extra care should be taken with these ewes when they start lambing. The survival of both the ewe and the lamb is hugely influenced by the time delay between the start of labour and the presentation for a caesarean section. Dystocia is a common problem but extra care should be taken to ensure other problems arent encountered when assisting the animal. Dystocia shouldnt affect the health of the sheep in the future. The main points to remember when dealing with dystocia is: use minimal force, never try to deliver a lamb in an abnormal position and never allow a ewe to be in labour for too long (30-40 minutes in Stage 2) before intervening.

Drunken Mother :: essays research papers

A Drunken Mother, wow where do I start. This book really gets one to thinking of what it was and, in some cases is like to be a woman. This book was one of which I would never even think to read just cause of the title. The title to me suggests that it is a book by a woman for a woman and is written in a way for mothers to understand. But in fact it’s the opposite it written in a way for all to see the trials her life. Nancy starts off by learning that then man in the house is boss at an early age. Her mother plays a role of big time neglect and spends most of her time out doing other things such as drinking. At an early age she learned that the man of the house was the boss and what he said goes. It was at this time that she began to fall into the â€Å"female role† of doing things the way they were suppose to be done. She also realized that Doctor John was not going to see things her way and that what he wanted was to be. This young female does all that she can to be successful with skating and what does Doc John do he tries to take it away. The more and more I read the more I wanted to read just because it is a true story and it was a story about the past, not to say that it does not happen now. But I’m into history and study of relationship, how they start, finish, grow, and wither. But getting back to the story I found it very interesting that Nancy tries so hard to make things work that she gives up her goals and inspirations in life just to leave one man with problems just for a chance to be better off and herself. As I was reading into the story I imaged every sentence of every page into a movie and was doing in my own little world in my room trying to block out the constant hum of my computer, ticking of my wall clock and every so often my suitemate checking on me to see if I was finish reading. Why was my suitemate checking on me because he wanted me to join him and another friend in drinking while we watched the Boston Celtics play.

Psychology †A Beautiful Mind Essay

A Beautiful Mind was a film released in 2001 directed by Ron Howard and largely based on the life of the Nobel Prize – winning mathematician, John Forbes Nash. It was a film adaptation of the book of Sylvia Nasar of the same title. The screen adaptation was written by Akiva Goldsman. The film explored the life of John Nash as he developed paranoid schizophrenia and suffered delusional episodes starting when he studied at Princeton University. The movie showed how this condition has impacted his wife and friends. John Nash, played by Russell Crowe, entered as a graduate student at Princeton University for being a recipient of the Carnegie Prize, a prominent academic award in mathematics. Included in the prize is a guaranteed single room accommodation but John Nash was surprised to see Charles Herman, played by Paul Bettany, who greeted and informed him that he is going to be his roommate. Charles, a literature student, soon became John’s best friend. John also got acquainted with a group of other gifted math and science graduate students and formed a discomforted friendship with them. John one time revealed to Charles that he is more at ease with numbers than with people. This did not surprise that group after they witnessed one time how disastrous his attempts were at having a chat with some women at a local bar. John had repudiated going to class since he viewed it as beneath him. He wasted most of his time scribbling on the windows in an attempt on solving a variety of mathematical equations and ideas. His classes were amused with but still recognized John’s talents. His roommate Charles both encouraged him and attempted to keep him sane. But with so many skipped classes, John was informed by the headmaster of Princeton that he could not commence on his graduate work until he has completed a thesis paper. This encouraged John to look for a really inventive idea for his thesis paper. John was finally motivated with his successful work in governing dynamics concept, a theory in mathematical economics, after he watched four beautiful women walked in at the local bar one night. Although he was spurred by his classmates into making a pass at the prettiest of the four, Nash instead started discussing about Adam Smith’s economic principles and their significance (or not) to the battle of the sexes. All of sudden he hurried out of the bar to start working on his theory which he called game theory – the mathematics of competition. John accepted an esteemed appointment at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) after he completed his studies at Princeton University together with his friends Sol (played by Adam Goldberg) and Bender (played by Anthony Rapp) both also coming out of Princeton University. After five years at MIT and while lecturing a class on calculus, he left an exceptionally fascinating problem on the board that he challenged his students to answer. One of his students Alicia Larde (played by Jennifer Connelly) turned up at his office to talk about the problem. From there, the two developed a good friendship, fell in love and later married. John met by chance Charles, his former roommate, on a return visit to Princeton. John also met Charles’ young nice Marcee (played by Vivien Cardone) and adored her. John was invited to a top secret facility of the Department of Defense in the Pentagon to solve an intricate encryption of an alleged enemy communication. Amazingly John figured out the code mentally that left the other code breakers bewildered. In the same facility John met the enigmatic William Parcher (played by Ed Harris), who claimed to be a member of the United States Department of Defense. William monitored John’s work from a viewing room above that is partially covered up at the back of a screen. William provided John with a new project to search for patterns and clues in newspapers and magazines presumably to prevent a plot by the Soviets. He was required by William to write a report of what he found and deliver the reports in a particular mailbox covertly. John became progressively more obsessed and suspicious and began to act unpredictably after he was allegedly pursued by Russian agents and a gunfire exchange in one of his clandestine deliveries. Alicia reported to a psychiatric hospital after she saw John’s worsening unpredictable behavior. When John delivered a guest lecture at Princeton University, he became conscious that he was being kept under surveillance by a group of intimidating people. He tried to escape but this group sedated him by force and dispatched him to a psychiatric facility. This confinement further convinced John that the Russians are striving to obtain information from him and regarded the psychiatric facility staff as Soviet kidnappers. One time John crazily attempted to take out an alleged implant from his arm leading to too much bleeding. The implant was allegedly given by the Pentagon. Alicia went to see the mailbox and recovered the top secret documents that John delivered in a frantic attempt to help John. She was surprised to see that all the â€Å"top secret† documents were unopened. John was dealt with this evidence and he was convinced at last that he has been hallucinating. He was confronted with the fact that the Department of Defense agent William Parcher and John’s clandestine task of decoding Russian messages were all hallucinations. He was even more surprised to learn that his friend and former roommate Charles and his niece Marcee were also merely offshoots of his mind. This was confirmed when John was informed that there was no Charles Herman enrolled and stayed in Princeton in the same time and the same room as him. John was subjected to a succession of insulin shock therapy sessions and was later released on the requirement that he consented to taking antipsychotic medication. The drugs have negative side-effects that have an effect on John’s emotional and sexual connection with his wife and most considerably, his intellectual ability. With these frustrations, John stopped taking his antipsychotic medication in secret and hid away the pills that resulted to a relapse of John’s psychosis with Alicia not being aware of it. In one occasion, John was bathing his infant son and was distracted and wandered away into the grove of trees beyond their backyard. Alicia at that time was in the backyard hanging laundry when she noticed that the back gate was opened. She found out that John has converted a deserted shed in the grove of trees into a workshop for John’s assignments for Parcher. With this realization, Alicia rushed to the house to confront John and just returned on time to save their infant child from drowning in the bathtub. John asserted that his friend and former roommate Charles was looking after their son when he went out to the grove. This left Alicia in disbelief and she immediately got the phone to ask for emergency assistance from the psychiatric hospital. All of a sudden John saw Parcher who was encouraging him to kill Alicia. John rejected Parcher’s instruction in anger but he saw Parcher suddenly pointing a gun at Alicia. John sprang at Parcher in response but ended up accidently thumping Alicia to the ground, scaring her all the more. Alicia ran away from the house in panic and fear with their child. John blocked Alicia in front of her car to foil her from going away. In the middle of the confusion, John came to the realization that Charles’ niece Marcee is a hallucination since she continued to look precisely the same age and remained a little girl even though years have went by since they first met. With this awareness, John told Alicia that Marcee never gets old. It was the turning point for John when he acknowledged that even if Parcher, Charles and Marcee appear totally real, they are actually just figments of his imagination. John and Alicia recognized that they are caught with the dilemma of John’s intellectual struggles with the antipsychotic drugs and his hallucinations. They both made the decision to strive to live with John’s abnormal condition. At one time, John intentionally bade farewell to Charles, Marcee and Parcher forever in his effort to pay no attention to his hallucinations and not nourish his psychological demons. Nevertheless he expressed his gratitude to Charles for being his best friend all those years and he said farewell to Marcee and told both of them that he would not talk to them any longer. Even with that, Charles and Marcee continued to hang around with Charles scorning John for bringing an end to their friendship but John has trained himself on how to ignore them. John grew older and made contact with one of his old friend from his Princeton years and intellectual adversary Martin Hansen (played by Josh Lucas) who was now the Princeton mathematics department head. Martin gave the authorization for John to work out of the library and audit classes. Albeit John still experienced hallucinations and now taking newer antipsychotic medications, he eventually was able to live with and for the most part ignored his psychotic occurrences. John adapted to his situation in steps and amusingly verified any new friends and contacts to make sure that they are actually real people and not hallucinations. In the end, John secured the opportunity to teach again. His fellow professors paid tribute to him for his accomplishments in mathematics. John went on to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his ground-breaking work on game theory. In the Nobel Prize awarding ceremony, John especially thanked Alicia for being with him the whole time with his journey from madness to sanity. As they left the awards auditorium in Stockholm, John saw Charles, Marcee and Parcher who looked at him with empty facial expressions. Alicia asked John what was wrong and John replied, â€Å"Nothing, Nothing at all. † The script of the movie differs significantly with the actual details of John Nash’s life. There are discrepancies with some of the events and characters around John Nash in the film but those are not the focus of this paper. This paper is centered on the accuracy of the film with regards to the field of psychology. One difficulty that the makers of the movie experienced was on how to visually represent stress and mental illness within an individual’s mind (e. g. John Nash). The film showed John suffering from visual and auditory hallucinations when in real life his hallucinations were completely auditory. The film depicted John Nash developing schizophrenic hallucinations in graduate school although he did not develop it not until a few years later. The part of the movie when John Nash said that he was taking newer medication around the same time as the Nobel Prize in 1994 was also not true since he did not take any antipsychotic medication since 1970. The film staff purposely added that statement since they believed that without it they think the film is supporting the idea that schizophrenics can get healed without taking any medication. The movie portrayed a patient with schizophrenia very well. It was very impressively done as the movie sequence was well planned too. While watching the movie, one could never guessed that his friend in the university was a mere visual hallucination. It reflected patients with schizophrenia so well with regards to their level of functioning. Based on the literature I have read, symptoms and manifestations of the patient with schizophrenia in the movie was properly and accurately portrayed. Schizophrenia is one of the leading causes of disability all over the world. This mental disorder is characterized and illustrated with delusions, hallucinations and paranoia (Woodham & Peters, 2004). A chemical imbalance in the brain is contemplated to be its cause, however, it still is believed to be unknown. Contribution of both genetic and environmental factors still remain unclear up to this time, though, it cause susceptible people to develop this mental disorder. In addition, the use of drugs activates some cases of schizophrenia. Evidence and proofs from researches and sudies showed that the early stages of this disability are critical in the formation and prediction of its course as well as its outcome (Frangou & Byrne, 2000). With this, clinical studies and researches are focusing on the early stages of the illness since early detection and treatment regimen may yield better prognosis and functional outcome. Typically, the first and early episodes of schizophrenia occurs in the early twenties or even late teenage years. Its early recognition may sometimes be masked by its insidious nature of the onset of the disease as it occurs with history and background of language problems, cognitive ability and behaviour. Antisocial behaviour, social withdrawal, failure to be motivated and obsessional ideas manifest this mental disorder. Auditory hallucinations and delusions are the most common reported pyschotic manifestations from schizophrenic individuals. Once this mental disorder is diagnosed, patients may then require hospitalization to prevent them from harming themselves as well as others. In order to control its symptoms, antipsychotic drugs are prescribed. Psychotherapy to these patients are also advised. Most of these patients return to the community and recommence their normal lives. The primary goal of treatment once patients are diagnosed with schizophrenia is to manage acute psychotic episodes. Rapid remission is necessary with the use of the most efficient and tolerated medications. The use of low dosage of typical neuroleptics and atypical antipsychotic medications may be the fisrt choice treatment regimen for the early onset of the disorder (Frangou & Byrne, 2000). It is very important to be vigilant with the first onset of manifestations as studies have shown that patients are more responsive to treatment during this stage regardless of whatever antipsychotic medications being prescribed and used. Prognosis for recovery is nearly 80% especially with patients treated right after the first episode of schizophrenia. Second psychotic episodes post treatment after five to seven years is not uncommon. It is not recommended to withdraw from the medications taken right away. Gradual withrawal from its treatment regimen is required to refrain from getting adverse withrawal reactions. Clozapine had been the licensed drug in the United Kingdom used for the treatment and management of patients with schizophrenia who responded poorly to the standard antipsychotic treatment regimen (Frangou & Byrne, 2000). Patient support from family, relatives and friends are important during schizophrenic patients’ recovery period. These patients have a hard time reintegrating into the community. Educational and employment underachievement problems arise not to mention problems in forming social relationships. Intensive rehabilitation after the treatment therapy aids in minimizing these social disadvantages of the disorder. Family support in nurturing their emotional and psychosocial needs enhance better results during this recovery period. Provison of information regarding schiophrenia to the patients’ families will also aid in the understanding of the disorder. Explanantion of the course and outcome of the disease process to their family members will also enable them to be aware of what to expect. Good communication betweeen patients and their care givers also play an important role to obtain positive results during the recovery stage. Together with other mental diseases like bipolar disorder, schizophrenia is a difficult and complicated illness to diagnose (Uyttebrouck, 2009). Since it is a tricky disease to diagnose, it ends up in treatment delays causing disappointments and a great deal of discouragements to patients and their families. Results from recent researches pointed out using brain MRIs in detecting mental illnesses like schizophrenia. This study very well help in speeding up diagnosis once patient’s come with symptoms of schizophrenia. This brain imaging technology if proven with high accuracy could offer a great and powerful measures for diagnosing these mental disorders. The use of functional MRIs (magnetic resonance imaging) were able to recognize with 93% precision patients with schizophrenia from those healthy control group. Presently, the fundamental and underlying cause of schizophrenia is not completely understood, making its diagnosis entirely based on its symptoms. With the use of MRI in establishing prompt and early diagnosis, efficient and successful treatment very well facilitates improvement on the lives of patients with schizophrenia (Uyttebrouck, 2009). The movie showed that it took so long for the patient to be diagnosed with the disease. His visual and auditory hallucinations were so real that even people around him were never able to know and even complain that he was having these symptoms. It seemed like his symptoms did not have any effects on the people around him. He was able to function well with his life. Even during his wedding, one could never tell that the presence of his friend there was only a hallucination. It was already when he got married that his wife was getting worried with his actions. It was then the time when medical treatment was sought. Since it took several years before he sought for medical attention and resulted to the delay of its diagnosis, it made a big impact on the course of the mental disorder. Also, the patient himself was denying that those people he had been seeing were mere hallucinations. Even when his wife and other health care team members had already explained to him that they were unreal, it was very difficult for him to accept the truth. He was admitted to a mental facility and was administered with antipsychotic medications to relieve the symptoms. He was discharged from the mental facility with the condition that he will continue with the treatment regimen. Since the antipsychotic medications affected his intellectual capacity and abilities, he decided to cease taking these medications causing remissions and relapses. This part of the movie showed the importance of being strict in following the treatment regimen to obtain positive results. The establishment of the diagnosis and treatment was very realistic. However, the psychologists should have given priority to home visits and follow ups. One thing that was not shown in the movie was the availability of health care professionals visiting in the community. Nobody from the health care team seemed to check up on him while he was at home. It did not show any home care check ups and visits from social workers, psychiatrists. For me, health care professionals need to follow up closely those patients with mental disorders post discharge from mental facilities. The movie reflects the psychologists’ level of understanding corectly. It presented the importance of family’s support to the patient. His wife was with his side and was supportive to his treatments. The support of his wife created a positive outcome to the course of his mental disorder. Interpersonal and social issues were presented well. It showed very well what symptoms, manifestations and characteristics to expect from patients afflicted with this mental disorder. It also showed the hardships and sacrifices the wife had to go through while taking care of a husband with schizophrenia. References Frangou, S. & Byrne, P. (2000). How to manage the first episode of schizophrenia. British MedicalJ ournal (International Edition), 321:7260. p522. Uyttebrouck, O. (2009, February 18). MRIs detect mental illness: Findings may help speed diagnosis. Albuquerque Journa, Metro and New Mexico section Woodham, A. & Peters, D. (2004). Schizophrenia. In Encyclopedia of Natural Healing. Dorling Kindersley.